The main activities of the JSME consist of publishing a journal Advances in Mathematical Economics (from FY2021, the official journal was taken over as Communications in Economics and Mathematical Sciences, published by J-Stage) in English and a book series Suri-Keizaigaku-Sosho in Japanese, and holding meetings.

Since 1996, the annual meetings (Keizai no Suri Kaiseki) have been held for 22 times mainly at the Institute of Mathematical Analysis of Kyoto University and at Keio University. The JSME holds international conferences on mathematical economics and a biannual meeting, the Kinki Area Mathematical Economics Joint Seminars, as well. The former has been held three times at Keio University.

The JSME publishes an annual journal all in English, Advances in Mathematical Economics, through Springer-Verlag. It is open to all researchers in the field of mathematical economics and in related fields, and 22 volumes have been published since 1997. (From FY2021, the official journal was taken over as Communications in Economics and Mathematical Sciences, published by J-Stage.) The JSME publishes a book series Suri-Keizaigaku-Sosho as well through Chisen-Shokan and 9 volumes (as of 2019) have been published since 2011.